Journal papers

  1. Steindór O. Ellertsson, Hlynur D. Hlynsson, Hrafn Loftsson, and Emil L. Sigurðsson. 2023. Triaging Patients With Artificial Intelligence for Respiratory Symptoms in Primary Care to Improve Patient Outcomes: A Retrospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Annals of Family Medicine, 21(3): 240-248.
  2. Steindór O. Ellertsson, Hrafn Loftsson and Emil L. Sigurðsson. 2021. Artificial intelligence in the GPs office: A retrospective study on diagnostic accuracy. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 39(4): 448-458.
    DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2021.1973255.
  3. Hrafn Loftsson. 2008. Tagging Icelandic text: A linguistic rule-based approach. Appeared in a revised form, subsequent to editorial input by Cambridge University Press, in Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 31(1): 47-72. © 2008 Cambridge University Press.
  4. Hrafn Loftsson. 2006. Tagging Icelandic text: An experiment with integrations and combinations of taggers. Language Resources and Evaluation, 40(2): 175-181. The published version is available here.

Conference and workshop papers

  1. Þórir Hrafn Harðarson, Hrafn Loftsson, and Stefán Ólafsson. 2025. Aligning Language Models for Icelandic Legal Text Summarization. In Proceedings of The Joint 25th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics and 11th Baltic Conference on Human Language Technologies (NoDaLiDa/Baltic-HLT 2025). Tallin, Estonia.
  2. Magnús F. Helgason, Kári S. Hlífarson, Baldur Olsen, Steindór O. Ellertsson, Hrafn Loftsson, and Stefán Ólafsson. 2024. The Development and Feasibility of a Triage System for Use in Primary Care. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics. Florida, USA. The published version is available here.
  3. Ólafur A. Jóhannsson, Birkir H. Arndal, Eysteinn Ö. Jónsson, Stefán Ólafsson, and Hrafn Loftsson. 2024. Evaluating Icelandic Sentiment Analysis Models Trained on Translated Data. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Under-resourced Languages @ LREC-COLING 2024. Torino, Italy.
  4. Jón F. Daðason and Hrafn Loftsson. 2024. Unsupervised Outlier Detection for Language-Independent Text Quality Filtering. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Under-resourced Languages @ LREC-COLING 2024. Torino, Italy.
  5. Jón F. Daðason and Hrafn Loftsson. 2024. Text Filtering Classifiers for Medium-Resource Languages.. In Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC- COLING 2024). Torino, Italy.
  6. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Hrafn Loftsson, and Andy Way. 2023. SentAlign: Accurate and Scalable Sentence Alignment. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. Singapore.
  7. Valdimar Eggertsson, Benedikt Geir Jóhannesson, Hafsteinn Einarsson, and Hrafn Loftsson. 2023. Effective Entity Disambiguation in Low-Resource Languages: A Study of Icelandic. In Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology. Venice, Italy. Here is a link to the article in IEEE explore.
  8. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Pintu Lohar, Hrafn Loftsson, and Andy Way. 2023. Do Not Discard – Extracting Useful Fragments from Low-Quality Parallel Data to Improve Machine Translation. In Proceedings of The Second Workshop on Corpus Generation and Corpus Augmentation for Machine Translation (CoCo4MT) at MT Summit. Macau, China.
  9. Örvar Kárason and Hrafn Loftsson. 2023. Is Part-of-Speech Tagging a Solved Problem for Icelandic?. In Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
  10. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Hrafn Loftsson, and Andy Way. 2023. Filtering Matters: Experiments in Filtering Training Sets for Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
  11. Tiina Lindh-Knuutila, Hrafn Loftsson, Pedro Alonso Doval, Sebastian Andersson, Bjarni Barkarson, Héctor Cerezo-Costas, Jón Guðnason, Jökull Snær Gylfason, Jarmo Hemminki, and Heiki-Jaan Kaalep. 2023. Microservices at Your Service: Bridging the Gap between NLP Research and Industry. In Proceedings of the 24th Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.
  12. Njáll Skarphéðinsson, Breki Guðmundsson, Steinar Smári, Marta K. Lárusdóttir, Hafsteinn Einarsson, Abuzar Khan, Eric Nyberg, and Hrafn Loftsson. 2023. GameQA: Gamified Mobile App for Building Multiple-Domain Question-Answering Datasets. In Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL): System Demonstrations. Dubrovnik, Croatia.
  13. Hlynur D. Hlynsson, Steindór Ellertsson, Jón F. Daðason, Emil L. Sigurdsson, and Hrafn Loftsson. 2022. Semi-supervised Automated Clinical Coding Using International Classification of Diseases. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP 2022). Trento, Italy.
  14. Anna Björk Nikulásdóttir, Þórunn Arnardóttir, Starkaður Barkarson, Jón Guðnason, Þorsteinn Daði Gunnarsson, Anton Karl Ingason, Haukur Páll Jónsson, Hrafn Loftsson, Hulda Óladóttir, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, Einar Freyr Sigurðsson, Atli Þór Sigurgeirsson, Vésteinn Snæbjarnarson, Steinþór Steingrímsson and Gunnar Thor Örnólfsson. 2022. Help Yourself from the Buffet: National Language Technology Infrastructure Initiative on CLARIN-IS. In M. Monachini and M. Eskevich (eds.), Selected Papers from the CLARIN Annual Conference 2021. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings 189.
  15. Steinunn Rut Friðriksdóttir, Valdimar Ágúst Eggertsson, Benedikt Geir Jóhannesson, Hjalti Daníelsson, Hrafn Loftsson, and Hafsteinn Einarsson. 2022. Building an Icelandic Entity Linking Corpus. In Proceedings of the workshop 'Dataset Creation for Lower-Resourced Languages', at the 13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2022). Marseille, France.
  16. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Luke O'Brien, Finnur Ingimundarson, Hrafn Loftsson, and Andy Way. 2022. Compiling a Highly Accurate Bilingual Lexicon by Combining Different Approaches. In Proceedings of the GLOBALEX Workshop on Linked Lexicography, at the 13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2022). Marseille, France.
  17. Marko Tadić, Daša Farkaš, Matea Filko, Artūrs Vasiļevskis, Andrejs Vasiļjevs, Jānis Ziediņš, Željka Motika, Mark Fishel, Hrafn Loftsson, Jón Guðnason, Claudia Borg, Keith Cortis, Judie Attard and Donatienne Spiteri. 2022. National Language Technology Platform for Public Administration. In Proceedings of the workshop 'Towards Digital Equality', at the 13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2022). Marseille, France.
  18. Jón Friðrik Daðason and Hrafn Loftsson. 2022. Pre-training and Evaluating Transformer-based Language Models for Icelandic. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2022). Marseille, France.
  19. Haukur Páll Jónsson and Hrafn Loftsson. 2022. DMS: A System for Delivering Dynamic Multitask NLP Tools. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence - Volume 1: NLPinAI . Online. The paper is published in SCITEPRESS.
  20. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Hrafn Loftsson and Andy Way. 2021. PivotAlign: Leveraging High-Precision Word Alignments for Bilingual Dictionary Inference. In Proceedings of the 4th Translation Inference Across Dictionaries (TIAD) shared task. Zaragoza, Spain.
  21. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Pintu Lohar, Hrafn Loftsson and Andy Way. 2021. Effective Bitext Extraction From Comparable Corpora Using a Combination of Three Different Approaches. In Proceedings of the 14th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora (BUCC). Varna, Bulgaria (Online).
  22. Hrafn Loftsson and Ásrún Matthíasdóttir. 2021. Moving Classes in a Large Programming Course Online: An Experience Report. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Computer Programming Education Conference. Braga, Portugal (Online).
  23. Jón Friðrik Daðason, Hrafn Loftsson, Salome Sigurðardóttir and Þorsteinn Björnsson. 2021. IceSum: An Icelandic Text Summarization Corpus. In Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL): Student Research Workshop. Mexico City, Mexico (Online).
  24. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Hrafn Loftsson and Andy Way. 2021. CombAlign: a Tool for Obtaining High-Quality Word Alignments. In Proceedings of the 23rd Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). NEALT Proceedings Series. Reykjavik, Iceland (Online).
  25. Svanhvít L. Ingólfsdóttir, Ásmundur A. Guðjónsson and Hrafn Loftsson. 2020. Named Entity Recognition for Icelandic: Annotated Corpus and Models. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Statistical Language and Speech Processing (SLSP 2020). Cardiff, United Kingdom. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12379. Springer, Cham. The final authenticated version is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59430-5_4.
  26. Haukur Páll Jónsson, Haukur Barri Símonarson, Vésteinn Snæbjarnason, Steinþór Steingrímsson and Hrafn Loftsson. 2020. Experimenting with Different Machine Translation Models in Medium-Resource Settings. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue (TSD 2020). Brno, Czech Republic (Online). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12284. Springer, Cham. The final authenticated version is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58323-1_10.
  27. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Hrafn Loftsson and Andy Way. 2020. Effectively Aligning and Filtering Parallel Corpora under Sparse Data Conditions. In Proceedings of the ACL Student Research Workshop. Seattle, Washington (Online).
  28. Ásrún Matthíasdóttir and Hrafn Loftsson. 2020. Improving the implementation of a first-semester programming course. In Proceedings of the 16th International CDIO Conference. Bangkok, Thailand.
  29. Anna Björk Nikulásdóttir, Jón Guðnason, Anton Karl Ingason, Hrafn Loftsson, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, Einar Freyr Sigurðsson and Steinþór Steingrímsson. 2020. Language Technology Programme for Icelandic 2019-2023. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020).
  30. Jón Friðrik Daðason, David Mollberg, Hrafn Loftsson and Kristín Bjarnadóttir. 2020. Kvistur 2.0: a BiLSTM Compound Splitter for Icelandic. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020).
  31. Hrafn Loftsson and Ásrún Matthíasdóttir. 2019. Using Flipped Classroom and Team-Based Learning in a First-Semester Programming Course: An Experience Report. In Proceedings of TALE 2019, IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering. Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
  32. Svanhvít Lilja Ingólfsdóttir, Hrafn Loftsson, Jón Friðrik Daðason, Kristín Bjarnadóttir. 2019. Nefnir: A high accuracy lemmatizer for Icelandic. In Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). NEALT Proceedings Series. Turku, Finland.
  33. Svanhvít Lilja Ingólfsdóttir, Sigurjón Þorsteinsson and Hrafn Loftsson. 2019. Towards High Accuracy Named Entity Recognition for Icelandic. In Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). NEALT Proceedings Series. Turku, Finland.
  34. Steinþór Steingrímsson, Örvar Kárason and Hrafn Loftsson. 2019. Augmenting a BiLSTM tagger with a Morphological Lexicon and a Lexical Category Identification Step. In Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2019). Varna, Bulgaria.
  35. Vilhjálmur Þorsteinsson, Hulda Óladóttir and Hrafn Loftsson. 2019. A Wide-Coverage Context-Free Grammar for Icelandic and an Accompanying Parsing System. In Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2019). Varna, Bulgaria.
  36. Ásrún Matthíasdóttir and Hrafn Loftsson. 2019. Flipped Learning in a Programming Course: Students’ Attitudes. In Proceedings of the 15th International CDIO Conference. Aarhus, Denmark.
  37. Anton Karl Ingason, Hrafn Loftsson, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, Einar Freyr Sigurðsson and Joel C. Wallenberg. 2014. Rapid Deployment of Phrase Structure Parsing for Related Languages: A Case Study of Insular Scandinavian. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2014). Reykjavik, Iceland.
  38. Sigrún Helgadóttir, Hrafn Loftsson and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2014. Correcting Errors in a New Gold Standard for Tagging Icelandic Text. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2014). Reykjavik, Iceland.
  39. Hrafn Loftsson and Robert Östling. 2013. Tagging a Morphologically Complex Language Using an Averaged Perceptron Tagger: The Case of Icelandic. In Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). NEALT Proceedings Series 16. Oslo, Norway.
  40. Hrafn Loftsson. 2013. Tagging the Past: Experiments Using the Saga Corpus. In Proceedings of the 19th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). NEALT Proceedings Series 16. Oslo, Norway.
  41. Elena Volodina, Lars Borin, Hrafn Loftsson, Birna Arnbjörnsdóttir and Guðmundur Örn Leifsson. 2012. Waste not, want not: Towards a system architecture for ICALL based on NLP component re-use. In Proceedings of the SLTC 2012 workshop on NLP for CALL. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings, 80: 47-58.
  42. Elena Volodina, Hrafn Loftsson, Birna Arnbjörnsdóttir, Lars Borin and Guðmundur Örn Leifsson. 2012. Towards a system architecture for ICALL. In Proceedings of the ICCE Conference on Technology Enhanced Language Learning (TELL), ICCE 2012, The 20th International Conference on Computers in Education. Singapore.
  43. Sigrún Helgadóttir, Ásta Svavarsdóttir, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, Kristín Bjarnadóttir and Hrafn Loftsson. 2012. The Tagged Icelandic Corpus (MÍM). In Proceedings of the SaLTMiL-AfLaT Workshop on "Language technology for normalisation of less-resourced languages", 8th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012). Istanbul, Turkey.
  44. Jón Guðnason, Oddur Kjartansson, Jökull Jóhannsson, Elín Carstensdóttir, Hannes H. Vilhjálmsson, Hrafn Loftsson, Sigrún Helgadóttir, Kristín Jóhannsdóttir and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2012. Almannaromur: An Open Icelandic Speech Corpus. In Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Spoken Language Technologies for Under-resourced languages (SLTU 2012). Cape Town, South Africa.
  45. Hrafn Loftsson, Sigrún Helgadóttir and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2011. Using a morphological database to increase the accuracy in PoS tagging. In Proceedings of Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP 2011). Hissar, Bulgaria.
  46. Martha Dís Brandt, Hrafn Loftsson, Hlynur Sigurþórsson and Francis M. Tyers. 2011. Apertium-IceNLP: A rule-based Icelandic to English machine translation system. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT-2011). Leuven, Belgium.
  47. Hrafn Loftsson, Jökull H. Yngvason, Sigrún Helgadóttir and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2010. Developing a PoS-tagged corpus using existing tools. In Proceedings of "Creation and use of basic lexical resources for less-resourced languages", workshop at the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2010). Valetta, Malta.
  48. Verena Henrich, Timo Reuter and Hrafn Loftsson. 2009. CombiTagger: A System for Developing Combined Taggers. In Proceedings of the 22nd International FLAIRS Conference, Special Track: "Applied Natural Language Processing". Sanibel Island, Florida, USA. © 2009 AAAI.
  49. Hrafn Loftsson, Ida Kramarczyk, Sigrún Helgadóttir and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2009. Improving the PoS tagging accuracy of Icelandic text. In Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Odense, Denmark.
  50. Anton K. Ingason, Skúli B. Jóhannsson, Sigrún Helgadóttir, Hrafn Loftsson and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2009. Context-Sensitive Spelling Correction and Rich Morphology. In Proceedings of the 17th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Odense, Denmark.
  51. Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson, Hrafn Loftsson, Kristín Bjarnadóttir, Sigrún Helgadóttir, Anna Björk Nikulásdóttir, Matthew Whelpton and Anton Karl Ingason. 2009. Icelandic Language Resources and Technology: Status and Prospects. In Proceedings of the NoDaLiDa 2009 Workshop "Nordic Perspectives on the CLARIN Infrastructure of Common Language Resources". Odense, Denmark.
  52. Hrafn Loftsson. 2009. Correcting a POS-Tagged Corpus Using Three Complementary Methods. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL (EACL 2009). Athens, Greece.
  53. Anton K. Ingason, Sigrún Helgadóttir, Hrafn Loftsson and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2008. A Mixed Method Lemmatization Algorithm Using Hierachy of Linguistic Identities (HOLI). In B. Nordström and A. Ranta (eds.), Advances in Natural Language Processing, 6th International Conference on NLP, GoTAL 2008, Proceedings. Gothenburg, Sweden.
  54. Hrafn Loftsson and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2008. Linguistic richness and technical aspects of an incremental finite-state parser. In Proceedings of "Partial Parsing 2008", workshop at the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2008. Marrakech, Morocco.
  55. Hrafn Loftsson and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2007. IceNLP: A Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Icelandic. In Proceedings of InterSpeech 2007, Special session: "Speech and language technology for less-resourced languages". Antwerp, Belgium.
  56. Hrafn Loftsson and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2007. IceParser: An Incremental Finite-State Parser for Icelandic. In J. Nivre, H-J. Kaalep, K. Muischnek and M. Koit (eds.), Proceedings of the 16th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics (NoDaLiDa). Tartu, Estonia.
  57. Hrafn Loftsson. 2007. Tagging Icelandic Text using a Linguistic and a Statistical Tagger. In Proceedings of Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL. Rochester, NY, USA.
  58. Hrafn Loftsson. 2006. Tagging a morphologically complex language using heuristics. In T. Salakoski, F. Ginter, S. Pyysalo and T. Pahikkala (eds.), Advances in Natural Language Processing, 5th International Conference on NLP, FinTAL 2006, Proceedings. Turku, Finland.

Extended abstracts and posters

  1. Artūrs Vasiļevskis, Jānis Ziediņš, Marko Tadić, Željka Motika, Mark Fishel, Hrafn Loftsson, Jón Guðnason, Claudia Borg, Keith Cortis, Judie Attard and Donatienne Spiteri. 2022. NLTP: National Language Technology Platform. In Proceedings of New Trends in Translation and Technology. Rhodes Island, Greece.
  2. Artūrs Vasiļevskis, Jānis Ziediņš, Marko Tadić, Željka Motika, Mark Fishel, Hrafn Loftsson, Jón Guðnason, Claudia Borg, Keith Cortis, Judie Attard and Donatienne Spiteri. 2022. National Language Technology Platform (NLTP): overall view. In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT). Ghent, Belgium.
  3. Anna Björk Nikulásdóttir, Þórunn Arnardóttir, Jón Guðnason, Þorsteinn Daði Gunnarsson, Anton Karl Ingason, Haukur Páll Jónsson, Hrafn Loftsson, Hulda Óladóttir, Einar Freyr Sigurðsson, Atli Þór Sigurgeirsson, Vésteinn Snæbjarnarson and Steinþór Steingrímsson. 2021. Help Yourself from the Buffet: National Language Technology Infrastructure Initiative on CLARIN-IS. In Proceedings of the CLARIN Annual Conference. Online.
  4. Elizabeth S. Adams, Orit Hazzan, Hrafn Loftsson and Alison Young. 2003. International perspective of women and computer science. In Proceedings of the 34th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education, SigCSE '03. Reno, Nevada, USA.

Edited volumes

  1. Hrafn Loftsson, Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson and Sigrún Helgadóttir (eds). 2010. Advances in Natural Language Processing. 7th International Conference on NLP, IceTAL 2010, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 2010, Proceedings. © 2010 Springer.

Technical reports

  1. Hrafn Loftsson and Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. 2006. A shallow syntactic annotation scheme for Icelandic text. Technical Report RUTR-SSE06004, Department of Computer Science, Reykjavik University.

PhD thesis

Hrafn Loftsson. 2007. Tagging and parsing Icelandic text. Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom.

Teaching material

  1. Hrafn Loftsson. 2015. Hugsaðu eins og tölvunarfræðingur. An Icelandic translation of the book 'How to Think Like a Computer Scientist', by Allen B. Downey.

Newspaper and non-refereed journal articles (in Icelandic)

  1. Notkun gervigreindar í heilbrigðiskerfinu, Tölvumál, nóvember 2023.
  2. Vendikennsla í tölvunarfræði, Tölvumál, nóvember 2020.
  3. Nýtt íslenskt-enskt grófþýðingarkerfi frá Máltæknisetri, Tímarit HR, mars 2010.
  4. Máltækni í HR, Tímarit HR, maí 2009.
  5. Skortur á tölvunarfræðingum - hvað er til ráða?, Viðskiptablaðið, 1. apríl 2008.
  6. Markari og þáttari fyrir íslenskan texta, Tölvumál, febrúar 2008.
  7. Íslensk tunga og máltækni, Viðskiptablaðið, 27. nóvember, 2007.
  8. Tölvunarfræði er góður valkostur, Morgunblaðið, júlí, 2003.
  9. Nám og rannsóknir í tæknigreinum á háskólastigi, Morgunblaðið, mars 2003.
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